• EVPP 646 Wetland Ecology and Management- by Katherine Labuhn and Changwoo Ahn (Fall 2013)
  • Edible
  • Medicinal
  • By Physiographic Province
  • References
This website is for entertainment purposes only.  Please consult field guides and other sources regarding the proper preparation of these plants as some portions of these plants must be cooked to remove toxic substances.
Picture
Acer saccharinum
Silver Maple                                                                                                                    

Wetland Indicator: FACW
Physiographic Provinces: Appalachian Plateau, Valley and Ridge, Blue Ridge, Piedmont, Coastal Plain
Native American usage:                                                                                                  
Sap used to make sugar                                                                                                 
Bark dried, pounded, sifter and made into bread                                                           
Sap along with thimbleberries and water used to make a drink



Photo credit: USDA-NRCS  PLANTS  Database / Herman, D.E., et al. 1996. North Dakota  tree  handbook. USDA NRCS ND State Soil  Conservation Committee; NDSU Extension and Western Area Power Administration, Bismarck.

Picture
Acorus calamus                                                                                                            
Sweet Flag                                                                                                                      

Wetland Indicator: OBL
Physiographic Provinces: Appalachian Plateau, Valley and Ridge, Blue Ridge, Piedmont, Coastal Plain
Native American usage:                                                                                                  
Dried root chewed for agreeable taste                                                                            
Roots, leaves and stalks used for food by various groups                                              
Portion of plant used to make a beverage

Photo credit: JF Gaffard @ commons.wikimedia.org

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Ammannia coccinea                                                                                                      
Valley Redstem                                                                                                                  

Wetland Indicator: OBL
Physiographic Provinces: Valley and Ridge, Blue Ridge, Piedmont, Coastal Plain
Native American usage:                                                                                                  
Seeds gathered and prepared as food                                                                           




Photo credit: public domain

Picture
Apios Americana                                                                                                   
Groundnut                                                                                                                 

Wetland Indicator: FACW
Physiographic Provinces: Appalachian Plateau, Valley and Ridge, Blue Ridge, Piedmont, Coastal Plain
Native American usage:                                                                                            
Beans used for food                                                                                                  
Roots/tubers cooked like potatoes also dried, ground into flour and made into bread
                                                           Roots dried for winter use
                                                           Nuts boiled, peeled and eaten as a vegetable
Photo credit: public domain                                                                                                

Picture
Arisaema triphyllum
Jack in the Pulpit

Wetland Indicator: FACW-
Physiographic Provinces: Appalachian Plateau, Valley and Ridge, Blue Ridge, Piedmont, Coastal Plain
Native American usage:
Roots thinly sliced and cooked in a pit over to eliminate poison



Photo credit: Daniel Schwen @ commons.wikimedia.org

Picture
Asclepias incarnata                                                                                            
Swamp Milkweed                                                                                                  

Wetland Indicator: OBL
Physiographic Provinces: Appalachian Plateau, Valley and Ridge, Blue Ridge, Piedmont, Coastal Plain
Native American usage:                                                                                        
Heads cut, dried and stored for winter usage                                                     
Heads, deer broth and fat used to make soup, also added to cornmeal mush




Photo credit: Nelson DeBarros @ USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database

Picture
Bidens laevis
Smooth Beggartick

Wetland Indicator: OBL
Physiographic Provinces: Valley and Ridge, Blue Ridge, Piedmont, Coastal Plain
Native American usage:
Used for food (not specified in reference material)

Photo credit: Riverbank Outdoor Store in New Port Richey, Florida @ commons.wikimedia.org

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Caltha palustris
Yellow Marsh Marigold

Wetland Indicator: OBL
Physiographic Provinces: Valley and Ridge, Blue Ridge, Piedmont, Coastal Plain
Native American usage:
Leaves eaten fresh





Photo credit: Jeffdelonge @ commons.wikimedia.org

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Celtis laevigata
Sugarberry

Wetland Indicator: FACW
Physiographic Provinces: Valley and Ridge, Blue Ridge, Piedmont, Coastal Plain
Native American usage:
Fruits beaten to a pulp, mixed with fat, rolled into balls and roasted over fires


Photo credit: public domain
  

Picture
Chelone glabra
White Turtlehead

Wetland Indicator: OBL
Physiographic Provinces: Appalachian Plateau, Valley and Ridge, Blue Ridge, Piedmont, Coastal Plain
Native American usage:
Young shoots and leaves boiled, fried and eaten



Photo credit: Michael Wolf @ commons.wikimedia.org

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Cinna arundinacea
Sweet Woodreed

Wetland Indicator: FACW+
Physiographic Provinces: Appalachian Plateau, Valley and Ridge, Blue Ridge, Piedmont, Coastal Plain
Native American usage:
Seeds used for food







Photo credit: public domain

Picture
Cyperus erythrorhizos
Red Root Flatsedge

Wetland Indicator: FACW+
Physiographic Provinces: Valley and Ridge, Blue Ridge, Piedmont, Coastal Plain
Native American usage:
Pulverized seeds cooked into mush




Photo credit: public domain

Picture
Cyperus esculentus
Chufa

Wetland Indicator: FACW
Physiographic Provinces: Appalachian Plateau, Valley and Ridge, Blue Ridge, Piedmont, Coastal Plain
Native American usage:
Roots/tuber eaten raw, baked or boiled like potatoes or dried, ground and mixed with other foods


Photo credit: User:Blahedo @ commons.wikimedia.org

Picture
Cyperus odoratus
Rusty Flatsedge

Wetland Indicator: FACW
Physiographic Provinces: Appalachian Plateau, Valley and Ridge, Blue Ridge, Piedmont, Coastal Plain
Native American usage:
Seeds used for food and tubers eaten by some groups






Photo credit: Franz Xaver @ commons.wikimedia.org

Picture
Distichlis spicata
Seashore Saltgrass

Wetland Indicator: FACW+
Physiographic Provinces: Coastal Plain
Native American usage:
Leaves burned into ashes to remove the salt and the used as a condiment
Leaves and stems used for food
Green grass immersed in water, strained and used as a beverage




Photo credit: Forest & Kim Starr @ commons.wikimedia.org

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Eleocharis palustris
Creeking Spikerush

Wetland Indicator: OBL
Physiographic Provinces: Valley and Ridge, Blue Ridge, Piedmont, Coastal Plain
Native American usage:
Sap eaten




Photo credit: Karelj @ commons.wikimedia.org

Picture
Equisetum hymale var. affine
Rough Horsetail

Wetland Indicator: FACW
Physiographic Provinces: Appalachian Plateau, Valley and Ridge, Blue Ridge, Piedmont, Coastal Plain
Native American usage:
Roots dried and used for food
Stalk top dried, mashed, mixed with salmon eggs and eaten
Blades boiled to make a drink




Photo credit: Joseph A. Marcus @ wildflower.org

Picture
Eupatorium purpureum
Sweet Scented Joe Pye Weed

Wetland Indicator: FACW
Physiographic Provinces:
Native American usage:
Root ash used as salt



Photo credit: Kurt Stuber @ commons.wikimedia.org

Picture
Fraxinus pennsylvanica
Green Ash

Wetland Indicator: FACW
Physiographic Provinces: Valley and Ridge, Blue Ridge, Piedmont, Coastal Plain
Native American usage:
Cambium layers scraped in long fluffy layers and cooked





Photo credit: Steven Katovich, USDA Forest Service @ commons.wikimedia.org

Picture
Heliotropium curassavicum
Seaside Heliotrope

Wetland Indicator: OBL
Physiographic Provinces: Coastal Plain
Native American usage:
Seeds used for food


Photo credit: Pompilid @ commons.wikimedia.org

Picture
Hydrocotyle Americana
American Marsh Pennywort

Wetland Indicator: OBL
Physiographic Provinces: Valley and Ridge, Blue Ridge, Piedmont, Coastal Plain
Native American usage:
Plant used for greens


Photo credit: Gary P. Fleming DCR-DNH @ vaplantatlas.org

Picture
Hydrocotyle ranunculoides
Floating Pennywort

Wetland Indicator: OBL
Physiographic Provinces:  Valley and Ridge, Blue Ridge, Piedmont, Coastal Plain
Native American usage:
Plant used for greens

Photo credit: Andres Gonzalez @ commons.wikimedia.org

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Hydrocotyle umbellate
Pennywort

Wetland Indicator: OBL
Physiographic Provinces: Piedmont, Coastal Plain
Native American usage:
Plant used for greens


Photo credit: public domain

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Hydrocotyle verticillata
Worled Pennywort

Wetland Indicator: OBL
Physiographic Provinces: Piedmont, Coastal Plain
Native American usage:
Plant used for greens

Photo credit: Forest & Kim Starr @ commons.wikimedia.org

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Ilex coriacea
Tall Gallbery Holly

Wetland Indicator: FACW
Physiographic Provinces: Coastal Plain
Native American usage:
Leaves used to make beverage





Photo credit: Ted Bodner, James H Miller @ commons.wikimedia.org

Picture
Ilex decidua
Deciduous Holly

Wetland Indicator: FACW
Physiographic Provinces: Blue Ridge, Piedmont, Coastal Plain
Native American usage:
Leaves used to make beverage


Photo credit: public domain

Picture
Ilex glabra
Inkberry

Wetland Indicator: FACW
Physiographic Provinces: Piedmont, Coastal Plain
Native American usage:
Leaves used to make beverage






Photo credit: William S. Justice @ USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database

Picture
Ilex laevigata
Smooth Holly

Wetland Indicator: OBL
Physiographic Provinces: Piedmont, Coastal Plain
Native American usage:
Leaves used to make beverage






Photo credit: Gary P. Fleming DCR-DNH @ vaplantatlas.org

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Ilex verticillata
Winterberry

Wetland Indicator: FACW+
Physiographic Provinces: Appalachian Plateau, Valley and Ridge, Blue Ridge, Piedmont, Coastal Plain
Native American usage:
Leaves used to make beverage





Photo credit: Jeff McMillian @ USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database

Picture
Juncus effuses
Soft Rush

Wetland Indicator: FACW+
Physiographic Provinces: Appalachian Plateau, Valley and Ridge, Blue Ridge, Piedmont, Coastal Plain
Native American usage:
Early sprouts eaten raw





Photo credit: James Lindsey at Ecology of Commanstart @ commons.wikimedia.org

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Lindera benzoin
Spicebush

Wetland Indicator: FACW-
Physiographic Provinces: Appalachian Plateau, Valley and Ridge, Blue Ridge, Piedmont, Coastal Plain
Native American usage:
Leaves used to make a tea like beverage
Leaves used to mask or modify the taste of strong flavored meats

Photo credit: Cody Hough college student and photographer in the Michigan area
 @ commons.wikimedia.org

Picture
Lycopus uniflorus
Northern Bugleweed

Wetland Indicator: OBL
Physiographic Provinces: Appalachian Plateau, Valley and Ridge, Blue Ridge, Piedmont, Coastal Plain
Native American usage:
Roots/tubers steamed or baked and eaten





Photo credit: Rob Routledge, Sault College, Bugwood.org @ commons.wikimedia.org

Picture
Mentha arvensis
Field Mint

Wetland Indicator: FACW
Physiographic Provinces: Valley and Ridge, Blue Ridge, Piedmont, Coastal Plain
Native American usage:
Leaves and stems (raw or dried) used to make tea or other beverages
Dried plant used to flavor pemmican, soup, meats, cornmeal mush or other foods




Photo credit: Al Schneider @ USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database

Picture
Mentha spicata
Spearmint

Wetland Indicator: FACW+
Physiographic Provinces: Valley and Ridge, Blue Ridge, Piedmont, Coastal Plain
Native American usage:
Leaves and stems (raw or dried) used to make tea or other beverages
Dried plant used to flavor meats, cornmeal mush or other foods


Photo credit: R.A. Howard @ USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database

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Mentha x piperita
Pepper Mint

Wetland Indicator: FACW+
Physiographic Provinces: Appalachian Plateau, Valley and Ridge, Blue Ridge, Piedmont, Coastal Plain
Native American usage:
Used to flavor food








Photo credit: R.A. Howard @ USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database

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Nelumbo lutea
American Lotus

Wetland Indicator: OBL
Physiographic Provinces: Valley and Ridge, Blue Ridge, Piedmont, Coastal Plain
Native American usage:
Roots boiled and eaten, also cut and strung for winter use
Tubers peeled and cooked with meat or hominy
Nut like seeds cracked, removed from shells and cooked with meat to make soup, also roasted and made in a sweat meal
Shoots cooked with venison, corn or beans, also terminal shoots cut crosswise, strung on string and dried for winter use
Some groups used with acorns during times of famine

Photo credit: Larry Allain @ USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database

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Nymphaea odorata
White Waterlily

Wetland Indicator: OBL
Physiographic Provinces: Valley and Ridge, Blue Ridge, Piedmont, Coastal Plain
Native American usage:
Buds eaten before opening

Photo credit: Robin R. Buckallew @ USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database

Picture
Onoclea sensibilis
Onoclea

Wetland Indicator: FACW
Physiographic Provinces: Appalachian Plateau, Valley and Ridge, Blue Ridge, Piedmont, Coastal Plain
Native American usage:
Cooked and seasoned with salt, pepper and butter


Photo credit:
Thomas G. Barnes @ USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database / Barnes, T.G., and S.W. Francis. 2004. Wildflowers and ferns of Kentucky. University Press of Kentucky.

Picture
Osmunda cinnamomea
Cinnamon Fern

Wetland Indicator: FACW
Physiographic Provinces: Appalachian Plateau, Valley and Ridge, Blue Ridge, Piedmont, Coastal Plain
Native American usage:
Eaten as a snack food
White base of plant eaten raw
                                                                  Frond tips added to soup stock and thickened with flour

Photo credit: public domain

Picture
Oxypolis rigidior
Stiff Cowbane

Wetland Indicator: OBL
Physiographic Provinces: Appalachian Plateau, Valley and Ridge, Blue Ridge, Piedmont, Coastal Plain
Native American usage:
Roots baked and eaten







Photo credit: William S. Justice @ USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database

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Peltandra virginica
Arrow Arum

Wetland Indicator: OBL
Physiographic Provinces: Valley and Ridge, Blue Ridge, Piedmont, Coastal Plain
Native American usage:
Used for food but references do not specify how







Photo credit: William S. Justice @ USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database

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Penthorum sedoides
Stonecrop Ditch

Wetland Indicator: OBL
Physiographic Provinces: Appalachian Plateau, Valley and Ridge, Blue Ridge, Piedmont, Coastal Plain
Native American usage:
Leaves uses as a flavoring herb



Photo credit: H Zell @ commons.wikimedia.org

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Phragmites australis
Common Reed (Native)

Wetland Indicator: FACW
Physiographic Provinces: Valley and Ridge, Blue Ridge, Piedmont, Coastal Plain
Native American usage:
Seeds used for food
Dried sap made into balls, softened by fire and eaten like candy

Photo credit: William S. Justice @ USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database

Picture
Polygonum amphibium
Water Smartweed

Wetland Indicator: OBL
Physiographic Provinces: Valley and Ridge, Blue Ridge, Piedmont, Coastal Plain
Native American usage:
Young shoots eaten in the spring as a relish





Photo credit: Brother Alfred Brousseau @ USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database

Picture
Polygonum hydropiper
Marshpepper Smartweed

Wetland Indicator: OBL
Physiographic Provinces: Appalachian Plateau, Valley and Ridge, Blue Ridge, Piedmont, Coastal Plain
Native American usage:
Young growth boiled, fried and eaten
Whole plant, except roots, used as pepper





Photo credit: user:Aroche @ commons.wikimedia.org

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Quercus bicolor
Swamp Oak

Wetland Indicator: FACW+
Physiographic Provinces: Valley and Ridge, Blue Ridge, Piedmont, Coastal Plain
Native American usage:
Acorns used for food






Photo credit: WIllow @ commons.wikimedia.org

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Ranunculus abortivus
Subalpine Buttercup

Wetland Indicator: FACW-
Physiographic Provinces: Appalachian Plateau, Valley and Ridge, Blue Ridge, Piedmont, Coastal Plain
Native American usage:
Leaves cooked and eaten as greens


Photo credit: Patrick J. Alexander @ USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database

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Rhexia virginica
Meadow Beauty

Wetland Indicator: OBL
Physiographic Provinces: Appalachian Plateau, Valley and Ridge, Blue Ridge, Piedmont, Coastal Plain
Native American usage:
Leaves and stems used to make a sour drink



Photo credit: Choess @ commons.wikimedia.org

Picture
Rorippa nasturtium-aquaticum
Watercress

Wetland Indicator: OBL
Physiographic Provinces: Appalachian Plateau, Valley and Ridge, Blue Ridge, Piedmont, Coastal Plain
Native American usage:
Used as a salad plant
Eaten fresh in the spring, cooked or mixed with other greens for flavor


Photo credit: public domain

Picture
Rudbeckia laciniata
Cut Leaf Coneflower

Wetland Indicator: FACW
Physiographic Provinces: Appalachian Plateau, Valley and Ridge, Blue Ridge, Piedmont, Coastal Plain
Native American usage:
Leaves and stems dried or blanched for winter storage
Young stems eaten like celery
Young shoots and leaves boiled or fried in grease


Photo credit: GFDL @ commons.wikimedia.org

Picture
Ruppia maritime
Widgeon Grass

Wetland Indicator: OBL
Physiographic Provinces: Coastal Plain
Native American usage:
Seeds made into meal
Photo credit: public domain

Picture
Sagittaria latifolia
Duck Potato

Wetland Indicator: OBL
Physiographic Provinces: Appalachian Plateau, Valley and Ridge, Blue Ridge, Piedmont, Coastal Plain
Native American usage:
Tubers peeled, roasted or baked and eaten whole or mashed
Cooked tubers also sliced and strung for winter use







Photo credit: Stan Gilliam @ USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database

Picture
Salicornia virginica
Virginia Glasswort

Wetland Indicator: OBL
Physiographic Provinces: Coastal Plain
Native American usage:
Fleshy stems eaten


Photo credit: Larry Allain @ USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database

Picture
Sambucus Canadensis
Common Elderberry

Wetland Indicator: FACW-
Physiographic Provinces: Appalachian Plateau, Valley and Ridge, Blue Ridge, Piedmont, Coastal Plain
Native American usage:
Berries eaten fresh or dried, also sun dried to fire dried, mashed and made into cakes
Blossoms dipped in water to make a beverage


Photo credit: H Zell @ commons.wikimedia.org

Picture
Saxifraga micranthidifolia
Lettuce Leaf Saxifrage

Wetland Indicator: OBL
Physiographic Provinces: Appalachian Plateau, Valley and Ridge, Blue Ridge, Piedmont
Native American usage:
Young growth boiled, fried with ramps
Leaves used in salads or wilted in boiling water with bacon grease on top






Photo credit: Jason Hollinger @ commons.wikimedia.org

Picture
Sisyrinchium angustifolium
Pointed Blue Eyed Grass

Wetland Indicator: FACW-
Physiographic Provinces: Appalachian Plateau, Valley and Ridge, Blue Ridge, Piedmont, Coastal Plain
Native American usage:
Mixed with other greens






Photo credit: Erica Asai @ USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database

Picture
Sium suave
Hemlock Water Parsnip

Wetland Indicator: OBL
Physiographic Provinces: Valley and Ridge, Blue Ridge, Piedmont, Coastal Plain
Native American usage:
Roots/tubers eaten raw, roasted or fried
Leaves used as relish






Photo credit: University of Michigan Herbarium

Picture
Smilax laurifolia
Laurel Leaf Greenbrier

Wetland Indicator: OBL
Physiographic Provinces: Piedmont, Coastal Plain

Native American usage:
Roots pounded and made into cakes and fried
Tubers dried, ground into flour and used to make bread





Photo credit: scott.zona @ commons.wikimedia.org

Picture
Spiraea alba var. latifolia
Narrow Leaf Meadow Sweet

Wetland Indicator: FACW+
Physiographic Provinces: Valley and Ridge, Blue Ridge, Piedmont, Coastal Plain
Native American usage:
Leaves used to make tea


Photo credit: J.S. Peterson @ USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database

Picture
Symplocarpus foetidus
Skunk Cabbage

Wetland Indicator: OBL
Physiographic Provinces: Valley and Ridge, Blue Ridge, Piedmont, Coastal Plain
Native American usage:
Young leaves and shoots cooked and seasoned with salt, pepper and butter



Photo credit: Fritzflohrreynolds @ commons.wikimedia.org

Picture
Thalictrum pubescens
Tall Meadow Rue

Wetland Indicator: FACW+
Physiographic Provinces: Appalachian Plateau, Valley and Ridge, Blue Ridge, Piedmont, Coastal Plain
Native American usage:
Leaves used to flavor salmon







Photo credit: Jim Stasz @ USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database

Picture
Thuja occidentalis
Northern White Cedar

Wetland Indicator: FACW
Physiographic Provinces: Valley and Ridge, Blue Ridge, Piedmont
Native American usage:
Leaves used to make a tea like beverage






Photo credit: H Zell @ commons.wikimedia.org

Picture
Typha angustifolia
Narrow Leaf Cattail

Wetland Indicator: OBL
Physiographic Provinces: Appalachian Plateau, Valley and Ridge, Blue Ridge, Piedmont, Coastal Plain
Native American usage:
Mature heads chewed like gum
Pollen baked into biscuits, also mixed with ground wheat and stirred into boiling water to make a gruel
Tender white stalks eaten raw




Photo credit: Petr Filippov @ commons.wikimedia.org

Picture
Typha latifolia
Broad Leaf Cattail

Wetland Indicator: OBL
Physiographic Provinces: Appalachian Plateau, Valley and Ridge, Blue Ridge, Piedmont, Coastal Plain
Native American usage:
Roots and shoots eaten raw, boiled, roasted also dried and sometimes ground into meal for winter use
Pollen used to make cakes and mush, also used for flavoring
Seeds roasted and eaten, sometimes ground into flour and made into cakes




Photo credit: H Zell @ commons.wikimedia.org

Picture
Ulmus americana
American Elm

Wetland Indicator: FACW-
Physiographic Provinces: Appalachian Plateau, Valley and Ridge, Blue Ridge, Piedmont, Coastal Plain
Native American usage:
Red inner bark used like coffee






Photo credit: Henryhartley @ commons.wikimedia.org

Picture
Vaccinium corymbosum
Blueberry Highbush

Wetland Indicator: FACW-
Physiographic Provinces: Appalachian Plateau, Valley and Ridge, Blue Ridge, Piedmont, Coastal Plain
Native American usage:
Berries eaten fresh or mashed into cakes and dried for future use
Also cooked down into a sauce or mixed with corn bread


Photo credit: JoJan @ commons.wikimedia.org

Picture
Vaccinium macrocarpon
Large Cranberry

Wetland Indicator: OBL
Physiographic Provinces: Valley and Ridge, Blue Ridge, Coastal Plain
Native American usage:
Berries mashed into cakes and dried for future use
Also cooked down into a sauce or mixed with corn bread





Photo credit: Meneerke bloem @ commons.wikimedia.org

Picture
Veratrum viride
American False Hellebore

Wetland Indicator: FACW+
Physiographic Provinces: Valley and Ridge, Blue Ridge, Piedmont, Coastal Plain
Native American usage:
Leaves used to make soup




Photo credit: User:SB_Johnny @ commons.wikimedia.org

Picture
Viburnum nudum var. cassinoides
Possomhaw

Wetland Indicator: FACW
Physiographic Provinces: Appalachian Plateau, Valley and Ridge, Blue Ridge, Piedmont
Native American usage:
Berries used for food






Photo credit: Ted Bodner, James H Miller @ commons.wikimedia.org

Picture
Viola blanda
Sweet White Violet

Wetland Indicator: FACW
Physiographic Provinces: Appalachian Plateau, Valley and Ridge, Blue Ridge, Piedmont, Coastal Plain
Native American usage:
Leaves and stems mixed with other greens, boiled, rinsed and fried with grease until soft




Photo credit: Fungus Guy @ commons.wikimedia.org

Picture
Vitis riparia
Riverbank Grape

Wetland Indicator: FACW
Physiographic Provinces: Appalachian Plateau, Valley and Ridge, Blue Ridge, Piedmont, Coastal Plain
Native American usage:
Fruit eaten fresh or dried for winter use


Photo credit: public domain

Picture
Zizania aquatic
Wild Rice

Wetland Indicator: OBL
Physiographic Provinces: Piedmont, Coastal Plain
Native American usage:
Used as staple food by many groups
Cooked with deer broth, pork or butter and seasoned with maple sugar
Seeds use to make cakes and fowl stuffing






Photo credit: Michael Wolf @ commons.wikimedia.org

Picture
Zostera marina
Eel Grass

Wetland Indicator: OBL
Physiographic Provinces: Coastal Plain
Native American usage:
Fleshy roots and leaf bases used to flavor meats 
Roots eaten raw with grease




Photo credit: public domain

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